Monographs
König, Ekkehard & Volker Gast (2018). Understanding English-German Contrasts. Grundlagen der Anglistik und Amerikanistik. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. [4th edition].
Gast, Volker (2006). The Grammar of Identity: Intensifiers and Reflexives in Germanic Languages. Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics. London: Routledge.
Edited works
Gast, V. & H. Diessel (eds.) (2012). Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax. Trends in Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. [introduction].
Gast, Volker & Ekkehard König (eds.) (2008). English in Contrast. Special issue. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 56.3. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. [introduction].
König, Ekkehard & Volker Gast (eds.) (2008). Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations. Trends in Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. [introduction].
Gast, Volker (ed.) (2006). The Scope and Limits of Corpus Linguistics — Empiricism in the Description and Analysis of English. Special issue. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 54.2. [introduction].
König, Ekkehard & Volker Gast (eds.) (2002). Reflexives and Intensifiers — the Use of Self-forms in English. Special issue. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 50.3. Tübingen: Stauffenburg. [introduction].
Journal articles
Shcherbakova, O., Blasi, D.E., Gast, V., H. Skirgård, R.D. Gray & S.J. Greenhill (2024). 'The evolutionary dynamics of how languages signal who does what to whom'. Scientific Reports 14: 7259.
Shcherbakova, Olena, Susanne Maria Michaelis, Hannah J. Haynie, Sam Passmore, Volker Gast, Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Damián E. Blasi and Hedvig Skirgård (2023). 'Societies of strangers do not speak less complex languages'. ScienceAdvances 9.33.
Bötticher, Astrid, Jose Hernandez, Matthias C. Kettemann, Volker Gast and Rodrigo Araiza Bravo (2023). 'Introducing a Research Programme for Quantum Humanities: Theoretical Implications'. European Journal of Risk Regulation 14.3: 435-456.
Mohseni, Mahdi, Christoph Redies and Volker Gast (2023). 'Comparative Analysis of Preference in Contemporary and Earlier Texts Using Entropy Measures'. Entropy 25.3: 486.
Shcherbakova, Olena, Volker Gast, Damian Blasi, Hedvig Skirgård, Russell Gray and Simon Greenhill (2023). 'A quantitative global test of the complexity trade-off hypothesis: the case of nominal and verbal grammatical marking'. Linguistics Vanguard 9.s1: 155-167.
Gast, Volker, Christian Wehmeier and Dirk Vanderbeke (2023). 'A Register-Based Study of Interior Monologue in James Joyce’s
Gast, Volker and Robert Borges (2023). 'Nouns, Verbs and Other Parts of Speech in Translation and Interpreting: Evidence from English Speeches Made in the European Parliament and Their German Translations and Interpretations'. Languages 8.1: 39.
Gast, Volker (2023). 'The Temporal Alignment of Speech-Accompanying Eyebrow Movement and Voice Pitch: A Study Based on Late Night Show Interviews'. Behvioral Sciences 13.1: 52.
Mohseni, Mahdi, Christoph Redies and Volker Gast (2022). 'Approximate Entropy in Canonical and Non-Canonical Fiction'. Entropy 24.2: 278.
Schokkin, Dineke, Volker Gast, Nicholas Evans, Christian Döhler (2021). 'Phonetics and Phonology of Idi'. Language Documentation & Conservation 24: 76-107.
Anzt, Hartwig, Felix Bach, Stephan Druskat, Frank Löffler, Axel Loewe, Bernhard Y Renard, Gunnar Seemann, Alexander Struck, Elke Achhammer, Piush Aggarwal, Franziska Appel, Michael Bader, Lutz Brusch, Christian Busse, Gerasimos Chourdakis, Piotr Wojciech Dabrowski, Peter Ebert, Bernd Flemisch, Sven Friedl, Bernadette Fritzsch, Maximilian D Funk, Volker Gast, Florian Goth, Jean-Noël Grad, Jan Hegewald, Sibylle Hermann, Florian Hohmann, Stephan Janosch, Dominik Kutra, Jan Linxweiler, Thilo Muth, Wolfgang Peters-Kottig, Fabian Rack, Fabian HC Raters, Stephan Rave, Guido Reina, Malte Reißig, Timo Ropinski, Joerg Schaarschmidt, Heidi Seibold, Jan P Thiele, Benjamin Uekermann, Stefan Unger, Rudolf Weeber (2021). 'An environment for sustainable research software in Germany and beyond: current state, open challenges, and call for action '. F1000Research 9: 295.
Gast, Volker & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (2022). 'Patterns of persistence and diffusibility in the European lexicon '. Linguistic Typology 26.2: 403-438.
Mohseni, Mahdi, Volker Gast & Christoph Redies (2021). 'Fractality and Variability in Canonical and Non-Canonical English Fiction and in Non-Fictional Texts'. Frontiers in Psychology 12..
Rzymski, Christoph, Tiago Tresoldi, Simon Greenhill, Mei-Shin Wu, Nathanael Schweikhard, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Volker Gast, Timotheus Bodt, Abbie Hantgan, Gereon Kaiping, Sophie Chang, Yunfan Lai, Natalia Morozova, Heini Arjava, Nataliia Hübler, Ezequiel Koile, Steven Pepper, Mariann Proos, Briana Van Epps, Ingrid Blanco, Carolin Hundt, Sergei Monakhov, Kristina Pianykh, Sallona Ramesh, Russell Gray, Robert Forkel & Johann-Mattis List (2020). 'The Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications, reproducible analysis of cross-linguistic polysemies'. Scientific data 7.13.
Ziegeler, Debra, Eric Melac and Volker Gast (2019). 'The rise of right periphery either'. Language Sciences 75: 15-34. [pdf].
Gast, Volker (2017). 'Paradigm change and language contact: A framework of analysis and some speculation about the underlying cognitive processes'. JournaLIPP 5.1: 49-70.
Vanderbeke, D., V. Gast & C. Wehmeier (2017). 'Of gaps and holes and silence: Some remarks on elliptic speech and pseudo-orality in James Joyce's short story "The Sisters"''. Literary Linguistics 6.1: Art. 5.
Gast, V. (2015). 'On the use of translation corpora in contrastive linguistics: A case study of impersonalization in English and German'. Languages in Contrast 15.1: 4-33. (Special issue on 'Contrasting contrastive approaches', ed. by B. Defrancq.)
Gast, V., L. Deringer, F. Haas and O. Rudolf (2015). 'Impersonal uses of the second person singular: A pragmatic analysis of generalization and empathy effects'. Journal of Pragmatics 88: 148-162.
Gast, V. and C. Rzymski (2015). 'Towards a corpus-based analysis of evaluative scales associated with even'. Linguistik Online 71. (Special issue on 'Focus Particles in the Romance and Germanic Languages. Corpus-based and Experimental Approaches', ed. by de Cesare, Anna-Maria & Cecilia Adorno.)
van der Auwera, J., V. Gast and J. Vanderbiesen (2012). 'Human impersonal pronouns in English, Dutch and German'. Leuvense Bijdragen 98.1: 27-64. (Special issue on 'A Germanic Sandwich', ed. E. Ruigendijk.) [draft].
Gast, V. and J. van der Auwera (2011). 'Scalar additive operators in the languages of Europe'. Language 87.1: 2-54.
Gast, Volker (2008). 'V-N compounds in English and German'. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 56.3: 269-282. [preprint].
Gast, Volker (2007). 'From phylogenetic diversity to structural homogeneity - on rightbranching constituent order in Mesoamerica'. SKY Journal of Linguistics 20: 171-202. [pdf].
Gast, Volker (2007). 'I gave it him. On the motivation of the "Alternative Double Object Construction" in varieties of British English'. Functions of Language 14: 31-56. (Special issue on 'Ditransitive constructions', ed. A. Siewierska and W. Hollmann.) [proofs].
Gast, Volker & Peter Siemund (2006). 'Rethinking the relationip between SELF-intensifiers and reflexives'. Linguistics 44.2: 343-381. (Special issue on 'Operations on argument structure: A typological perspective', ed. D. Hole and P. Siemund.) [preprint].
Gast, Volker (2006). 'The distribution of also and too. A preliminary corpus study'. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 54.2: 163-176. [preprint].
König, Ekkehard & Volker Gast (2006). 'Focused Expressions of Identity: A Typology of Intensifiers'. Linguistic Typology 10.2: 223-276. [scan].
König, Ekkehard & Volker Gast (2002). 'Reflexive pronouns and other uses of self-forms in English'. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 50.3: 1-14.
Chapters/papers in edited volumes
Gast, Volker (2022). 'The German modal particle 'ja' and its lexical correlates in English: A qualitative study based on the Europarl corpus'. In Gergel, R., I. Reich & A. Speyer (eds.): Particles in English, German and beyond, 117–146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins..
Gast, Volker (2022). 'Comparing annotation types and n-gram sizes: German discourse particles and their English reflexes in a translation corpus '. In Schützler, O. & J. Schlüter (eds.): Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics: Comparative Approaches, 323-352. Oxford University Press.
Gast, Volker (2022). 'Eyebrow raises as facial gestures: A Study based on American late night show interviews'. In M. Janebová, J.Emonds & L. Veselovská, L. (eds.): Language Use and Linguistic Structure. Proceedings of the Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium 2021, 259–279. Olomouc Modern Language Series. Olomouc: Palacký University.
Janebová, Markéta, Michaela Martinkova and Volker Gast (2023). 'Czech type nouns: Evidence from corpora'. In L. Brems, K. Davidse, I. Hennecke, A. Kolyaseva, A. Kisiel & W. Mihatsch (eds.): Type Noun Constructions in Slavic, Germanic and Romance Languages: Semantics and pragmatics on the move. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Gast, Volker & Łukasz Jędrzejowski (2022). 'Managing data in a typological study'. In Andrea Berez-Kroeker, Bradley McDonnell, Eve Koller & Lauren Collister (eds.): Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management, 597-608. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Open.
Atayan, V., B. Fetzer, V. Gast, D. Möller, T. Ronalter (2019). 'Ausdrucksformen der unmittelbaren Nachzeitigkeit in Originalen und Übersetzungen: Eine Pilotstudie zu den deutschen Adverbien gleich und sofort und ihren Äquivalenten im Französischen, Italienischen, Spanischen und Englischen'. In Ahrens, B., S. Hansen-Schirra, M. Krein-Kühle, M. Schreiber, U. Wienen (eds.): Translation -- Linguistik -- Semiotik, 11-82. Berlin: Frank & Timme.
Gast, V. (2019). 'An exploratory, corpus-based study of concessive markers in English, German and Spanish: The distribution of although, obwohl and aunque in the Europarl corpus'. In O. Loureda, I. Recio Fernandez, L. Nadal & A. Cruz (eds.): Methodological Approaches to Discourse Markers, 151-191. Pragmatics & Beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Gast, Volker & Vahram Atayan (2019). 'Adverbials of immediate posteriority in French and German: A contrastive corpus study of tout de suite, immédiatement, gleich and sofort'. In Emonds, J., M. Janebová & L. Veselovská (eds.): Language Use and Linguistic Structure. Proceedings of the Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium 2018, 403-430. Olomouc Modern Lanuage Series. Olomouc: Palacký University Olomouc.
Gast, V., V. Atayan, J. Biege, B. Fetzer, S. Hettrich, A. Weber (2019). 'Unmittelbare Nachzeitigkeit im Deutschen und Französischen: Eine Studie auf Grundlage des OpenSubtitles-Korpus'. In Konecny, C., C. Konzett, E. Lavric, W. Pöckl (eds.): Comparatio delectat III. Akten der VIII. Internationalen Arbeitstagung zum romanisch-deutschen und innerromanischen Sprachvergleich, 223-249. Frankfurt: Lang. [pdf].
Evans, N., M. Carroll, W. Arka, C. Döhler, V. Gast, E. Kashima, E. Mittag, K. Quinn, D. Schokkin, C. van Tongeren, J. Siegel, P. Tama (2018). 'The languages of Southern Papua New Guinea'. In B. Palmer (ed.): The Languages and Linguistics of New Guinea: A Comprehensive Guide, 641-774. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Gast, Volker & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (2018). 'The areal factor in lexical typology: Some evidence from lexical databases'. In Daniel van Olmen, Tanja Mortelmans & Frank Brisard (eds.): Aspects of Linguistic Variation, 43-82. Trends in Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. [pdf].
Gast, V. (2017). 'So much as and even in downward entailing contexts. A quantitative study based on data from the British National Corpus'. In Emonds, Joseph & Markéta Janebová (eds.): Language Use and Linguistic Structure. Proceedings of the Olomouc Linguistics Colloquium 2016, 347-400. Olomouc: Palacký University.
Gast, V. (2017). 'The scalar operator even and its German equivalents: Pragmatic factors determining the use of auch, selbst and sogar'. In De Cesare, Anna-Maria (ed.): Focus on Additivity. Multifaceted views on Focusing Modifiers, 201-234. Benjamins.
Gast, V., L. Bierkandt, S. Druskat & C. Rzymski (2016). 'Enriching TimeBank: Towards a more precise annotation of temporal relations in a text'. In Nicoletta Calzolari et al. (ed.): Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). European Language Resources Association.
Deringer, L., V. Gast, F. Haas & O. Rudolf (2015). 'Impersonal uses of the second person singular and generalized empathy'. In Sorlin, S. & L. Gardelle (eds.): The Pragmatics of Personal Pronouns, 311-334. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Gast, V., L. Bierkandt and C. Rzymski (2015). 'Annotating modals with GraphAnno, a configurable lightweight tool for multi-level annotation'. In M. Nissim & P. Pietrandrea (eds.): Proceedings of the Workshop on Models for Modality Annotation, 19-28. Stroudsburg, PA : Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). [pdf].
Gast, V., L. Bierkandt and C. Rzymski (2015). 'Creating and retrieving tense and aspect annotations with GraphAnno, a lightweight tool for multi-level annotation'. In Bunt, H. (ed.): Proceedings of the 11th Joint ACL-ISO Workshop on Interoperable Annotation, 23-28. Tilburg: Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication. [pdf].
Kranich, S. & V. Gast (2015). 'Explicitness of epistemic modal marking. Recent changes in British and American English'. In J.R. Zamorano-Mansilla, C. Maíz, E. Domínguez & M.V. Martín de la Rosa (eds.): Thinking modally: English and Contrastive Studies on Modality, 3-22. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. [preprint].
Druskat, S., L. Bierkandt, V. Gast, C. Rzymski, F. Zipser (2014). 'Atomic: an open-source software platform for multi-level corpus annotation.'. In J. Ruppert & G. Faaß (eds.): Proceedings of the 12th Konferenz zur Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache (KONVENS 2014), October 2014, 228-234. [pdf].
Gast, V., E. König & C. Moyse-Faurie (2014). 'Comparative lexicology and the typology of event descriptions: A programmatic study'. In Gerland, D., C. Horn, A. Latrouite & A. Ortmann (eds.): Meaning and Grammar of Nouns and Verbs, 145-183. Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf University Press. [prefinal].
Gast, V. & N. Levshina (2014). 'Motivating w(h)-clefts in English and German: A hypothesis-driven parallel corpus study'. In de Cesare, Anna-Maria (ed.): Frequency, Forms and Functions of Cleft Constructions in Romance and Germanic. Contrastive, Corpus-Based Studies, 377-414. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. [draft].
Gast, V. (2013). 'From æghwæ&edh;er to either. The distribution of a negative polarity item in historical perspective'. In Csipak, E., R. Eckardt, M. Liu & M. Sailer (eds.): Beyond any and ever, 79-101. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. [preprint].
Gast, V. (2013). 'At least, wenigstens and company. Negated universal quantification and the typology of focus quantifier'. In G. Tsoulas, S. Harlow & K.H. Gil (eds.): Strategies of Quantification, 101-122. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [draft].
Gast, V. & J. van der Auwera (2013). 'Towards a distributional typology of human impersonal pronouns, based on data from European languages'. In Bakker, D. & M. Haspelmath (eds.): Languages Across Boundaries. Studies in Memory of Anna Siewierska, 119-158. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. [preprint].
Gast, V. and J. van der Auwera (2013). 'Scalar additive operators in Transeurasian languages: A comparison with Europe'. In M. Robbeets & H. Cuyckens (eds.): Shared Grammaticalization. With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages, 113-145. Amsterdam: Benjamins. [preprint].
Gast, V. & H. Diessel (2012). 'The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects'. In Gast, V. & H. Diessel (eds.): Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax, 1-36. Trends in Linguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Gast, V. & J. van der Auwera (2012). 'What is "contact-induced grammaticalization"? Examples from Mesoamerican languages'. In B. Wiemer & B. Hansen (eds.): Grammatical replication and grammatical borrowing in language contact, 381-426. Berlin: Mouton. [preprint].
Gast, V. & M. Schäfer (2012). 'Relative clauses with adverbial meaning: A quantitative investigation of hybrid adjunct clauses in Latin'. In Gast, V. & H. Diessel (eds.): Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax, 363-391. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.
Gast, V. & D. Wiechmann (2012). 'W(h)-Clefts im Deutschen und Englischen. Eine quantitative Untersuchung auf Grundlage des Europarl-Korpus'. In Gunkel, L. & G. Zifonun (eds.): Jahrbuch des IDS 2011, 333-362. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. [preprint].
Putnam, M. and V. Gast (2012). 'The syntax and semantics of excess: OVER-predicates in Germanic'. In Jaehoon Choi, Alan Houge, Jessamyn Schertz, Jeff Punske, Deniz Tat & Alex Trueman (eds.): Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 223-231. [pdf].
Gast, V. & F. Haas (2011). 'On the distribution of subject properties in formualic presentationals of Germanic and Romance: A diachronic-typological approach'. In Malchukov, A. & A. Siewierska (eds.): Impersonal Constructions, 125-164. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Gast, V. & J. van der Auwera (2010). 'Vers une typologie des opérateurs additifs scalaires'. In Hadermann, P. & O. Inkova (eds.): Approches de la scalarité, 226-247. Genève: Droz.
Gast, Volker (2010). 'Contrastive topics and distributed foci as instances of sub-informativity: A comparison of English and German'. In Breul, Carsten & Edward Göbbel (eds.): Comparative and Contrastive Studies of Information Structure, 15-50. Linguistics Today. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. [scan].
van der Auwera, J. & V. Gast (2010). 'Categories and prototypes'. In J.J. Song (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology, 166-189. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [preprint].
Gast, Volker (2009). 'A contribution to "two-dimensional" language description: The Typological Database of Intensifiers and Reflexives'. In Everaert, Martin, Simon Musgrave & Alexis Dimitriadis (eds.): The Use of Databases in Cross-Linguistic Research, 209-234. Empirical Approaches to Language Typology. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. [draft].
Gast, V. (2008). 'Modal particles and context updating. The functions of German ja, doch, wohl and etwa'. In Vater, H. & O. Letnes (eds.): Modalverben und Grammatikalisierung, 153-177. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. [pdf].
Gast, V. & F. Haas (2008). 'On reflexive and reciprocal readings of anaphors in German and other European languages'. In König, E. & V. Gast (eds.): Reciprocals and Reflexives. Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 307-346. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [draft.pdf].
König, E. & V. Gast (2008). 'Reciprocals and reflexives: Typology, description and theory'. In König, E. & V. Gast (eds.): Reciprocals and Reflexives. Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 1-31. Berlin: Mouton.
Gast, V. (2004). 'The interpretation of logophoric self-forms, and some consequences for a model of reference and denotation'. In Branco, A., T. McEnery & R. Mitkov (eds.): Proceedings of the 5th Discourse Anaphora and Anaphora Resolution Colloquium DAARC, 75-80. Lisbon: Ediçôes Colibri. [pdf].
Gast, V. & D. Hole (2003). 'On paradigmatic (in)coherence in Romance and Germanic reflexives'. In L. Gunkel, G. Müller, G. Zifonun (eds.): Arbeiten zur Reflexivierung, 75-89. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Survey articles
Gast, V. (2013). 'Contrastive analysis'. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning, 153-158. London: Routledge. [draft].
Gast, V. (2012). 'Contrastive analysis: Theories and methods'. In Kortmann, B. (ed.): Dictionaries of Linguistics and Communication Science: Linguistic theory and methodology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [draft].
Gast, V. & E. König (2008). 'Introduction'. In Gast & König (eds.): English in Contrast. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik. Special issue. 56.3: 213-214.
Gast, V. (2006). 'External Possession'. In Brown, K. (ed.): The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 9, 773-774. Oxford: Elsevier. [2nd edition].
Gast, V. (2006). 'Focus particles'. In Brown, K. (ed.): The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 4, 518-519. Oxford: Elsevier. [2nd edition].
Gast, V. (2006). 'Introduction'. In V. Gast (ed.): Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik. Special issue. 54.2: 113-120.
Reviews
Gast, V. (2010). Review of: "May-Britt Moosegard Hansen, Particles at the Semantics/Pragmatics Interface: Synchronic and Diachronic Issues. A Study with Special Reference to the French Phasal Adverbs. Oxford/Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008." Linguistics 48.6: 1389-92.
Gast, V. (2008). Review of: "Insa Gülzow, Intensifiers in Language Acquisition. A Comparative Analysis of English and German. Berlin: Mouton, 2006." Linguistics 46.3: 651-57.
Gast, V. (2008). Review of: "Karsten Rinas, Die Abtönungspartikeln doch und ja. Semantik, Idiomatisierung, Kombinationen, tschechische Äquivalente. Frankfurt: Lang, 2006." Language in Contrast 8.1: 134-141.
Gast, V. (2002). Review of: "Konrad Ehlich, Jakob Ossner, Harro Stammerjohann (eds.), Hochsprachen in Europa - Entstehung, Geltung, Zukunft. Freiburg: Fillibach, 2001." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 50.1: 80-2.
Gast, V. (2002). Review of: "Elly van Gelderen, A history of English Reflexive Pronouns - Person, Self and Interpretability. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2000." Language 78.3: 583-5.
Electronic publications
Gast, V. (2008). Typological Database of Focus Quantifiers.
Gast, Volker, Daniel Hole, Ekkehard König, Peter Siemund & Stephan Töpper (2007). Typological Database of intensifiers and Reflexives (TDIR). [Version 2.0].